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Public Diplomacy &
Nation Branding:
Bibliography__Reading list.

For your own research.
Last updated: 19 October 2024



Prof. Dr. Oliver Zöllner Stuttgart Media University, Germany
Oliver Zöllner at ResearchGate • ORCID ORCID logo 0000-0001-9125-1048

Course language: English



About the course:

In the context of globalisation and mediatisation, nation-states are increasingly seen as marketable, immaterial goods. This is where nation branding sets in. Like a global corporation or a commodified product, a nation-state can be 'branded', or so it seems.
A brand focuses on image, reputation, and certain values. A country with a bad image or reputation, or one standing for values refuted by the majority of relevant stakeholders, or a country with no image or reputation at all, will likely be left behind in the competition for access to monetary and intellectual resources, and may therefore lose out in the sociopolitical arena of influence and power. It's all about 'competitive identity', a perhaps more fashionable term.
Related to nation branding, the rather old, but recently rejuvenated concept of public diplomacy is looking at forming ties with other countries or societies by way of cultural-based public relations. This may present itself as an honest attempt at intercultural dialogue in some cases, or as just another way of self-appraisal in order to create a better image of one's country – or simply as propaganda, as critics say (and they're not always wrong). In other words: to what degree this form of 'soft power' is soft at all remains to be debated.
In this course we will be looking into concepts of both public diplomacy and nation branding, and see how and where they overlap. Related areas such as marketing, public relations and propaganda will be covered, too. Students will develop research questions of their own and will present examples of how nation-states actively go about branding themselves, how such countries perform public diplomacy, with what kinds of messages, what types of actions, for what target groups, and why they do this.
#public_diplomacy #nation_branding #competitive_identity #marketing #PR #reputation_management #culture #analysis


Reading list:
[green = recommended key texts]

I. OVERVIEWS, INTRODUCTIONS, CONTEXT

a) Public diplomacy/Soft power

Auer, Claudia (2015): Public Diplomacy: Ein Konzeptualisierungsvorschlag. In: Fröhlich, Romy / Koch, Thomas (eds.): Politik - PR - Persuasion: Strukturen, Funktionen und Wirkungen politischer Öffentlichkeitsarbeit. Wiesbaden, 143-167.
Auer, Claudia (2017): Theorie der Public Diplomacy. Sozialtheoretische Grundlegung einer Form strategischer Kommunikation. Wiesbaden.
Bjola, Corneliu / Holmes, Marcus (eds.) (2015): Digital diplomacy: Theory and practice. London, New York.
Browning, Christopher S. / Ferraz de Oliveira, Antonio (2017): Introduction: Nation branding and competitive identity in world politics. In: Geopolitics, Vol. 22, No. 3, 481-501.
Busch-Janser, Sandra / Florian, Daniel (2010): Die neuen Diplomaten? Public Diplomacy und die Rolle von Kommunikationsagenturen in der Außenpolitik. In: Jens Tenscher / Heike Viehrig (eds.): Politische Kommunikation in internationalen Beziehungen. Münster, 215-233.
Castells, Manuel (2008): The new public sphere: Global civil society, communication networks, and global governance. In: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, No. 1, 78-93.
Chitty, Naren / Ji, Li / Rawnsley, Gary D. / Hayden, Craig (eds.) (2023): The Routledge handbook of soft power. 2nd ed. London, New York.
Cull, Nick (2009): Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past. Los Angeles. Internet resource: uscpublicdiplomacy.org/sites/uscpublicdiplomacy.org/files/legacy/publications/perspectives/CPDPerspectivesLessons.pdf.
Cull, Nick (2017): Public diplomacy explained: What it means and why it matters. In: The Place Brand Observer. Internet resource: placebrandobserver.com/what-is-public-diplomacy/.
Deruda, Antonio (2015): The digital diplomacy handbook: How to use social media to engage with global audiences. SelfPub.
Dunkel, Mario / Nitzsche, Sina A. (2018): Popular music and public diplomacy: An introduction. In: Dunkel, Mario / Nitzsche, Sina A. (eds.): Popular music and public diplomacy: Transnational and transdisciplinary perspectives. Bielefeld, 9-26.
Fan, Ying (2008): Soft power: Power of attraction or confusion? In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 4, No. 2, 147-158.
Fisher, Ali / Bröckerhoff, Aurélie (2008): Options for influence: Global campaigns of persuasion in the new worlds of public diplomacy. London.
Fitzpatrick, Kathy / Fullerton, Jami / Kendrick, Alice (2013): Public relations and public diplomacy: Conceptual and practical connections. In: Public Relations Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1-21.
Fletcher, Tom (2016): Naked diplomacy: Statecraft in the digital age. New York.
Gilboa, Eytan (ed.) (2023): A research agenda for public diplomacy. Cheltenham, Northampton.
Hafez, Kai / Grüne, Anne (2021): Grundlagen der globalen Kommunikation. Medien - Systeme - Lebenswelten. München [especially chapter 3, pp. 113-152].
Hartig, Falk (2019): Public Diplomacy. Internationale PR für Staaten – eine Annäherung. Wiesbaden.
Hayden, Craig (2012): The rhetoric of soft power: Public diplomacy in global contexts. Lanham.
Hurd, Ian (2011): Law and the practice of diplomacy. In: International Journal, Summer 2011, 581-596. Internet resource: faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~ihu355/Home_files/practice%20of%20diplomacy.pdf.
Ingenhoff, Diana / Buhmann, Alexander (2018): Public Diplomacy. Messung, Entstehung und Gestaltung von Landesimages. Köln.
Ingenhoff, Diana / White, Candace / Buhmann, Alexander / Kiousis, Spiro (2018): Bridging disciplinary perspectives of country image, reputation, brand, and identity. London, New York.
Jäger, Thomas (2022): Public Diplomacy. In: Borucki, Isabelle / Kleinen-von Königslöw, Katharina / Marschall, Stefan / Zerback, Thomas (eds.): Handbuch Politische Kommunikation. Wiesbaden, 329-345.
Leonard, Mark [with Catherine Stead and Conrad Smewing] (2002): Public diplomacy. London. Internet resource: fpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/35.pdf.
Łoś, Robert (2017): Soft power in contemporary international relations. Łódź.
Macnamara, Jim (2012): Corporate and organisational diplomacy: An alternative paradigm to PR. In: Journal of Communication Management, Vol. 16, No. 3, 312-325.
Malone, Gifford D. (1985): Managing public diplomacy. In: The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 8, no. 3, 199-213.
Manor, Ilan (2019): The digitalization of public diplomacy. Cham.
McClory, Jonathan / Brown, Katherine / Wang, Jay (2021): Socially distanced diplomacy: The future of soft power and public diplomacy in a fragile world. London. Internet resource: static1.squarespace.com/Socially+Distanced+Diplomacy+Report_May+2021.pdf.
McPhail, Thomas L. (2014): Global communication: Theories, stakeholders, and trends. 4th ed. Chichester.
Melissen, Jan (ed.) (2005): The new public diplomacy: Soft power in international relations. Basingstoke, New York. Internet resource: www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/pdf/research/books/soft_power/The_New_Public_Diplomacy.pdf.
Mihelj, Sabina (2011): Media nations: Communicating belonging and exclusion in the modern world. Basingstoke, New York.
Noya, Javier (2007): Diplomacia pública para el siglo XXI. Barcelona.
Nye, Joseph S. (2004): Soft power: The means to success in world politics. New York.
Nye, Joseph S. (2008): Public diplomacy and soft power. In: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, No. 1, 94-109.
Nye, Joseph S. (2019): Soft power and public diplomacy revisited. In: The Hague Journal of Public Diplomacy, Vol. 14, No. 1/2, 7-20.
Nye, Joseph S. (2020): Do morals matter? Presidents and foreign policy from FDR to Trump. New York, Oxford.
Ohnesorge, Hendrik W. (2020): Soft power: The forces of attraction in international relations. Cham.
Pamment, James (2012): What became of the New Public Diplomacy? Recent developments in British, US and Swedish public diplomacy policy and evaluation methods. In: The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, Vol. 7, No. 3, 313-336.
Pamment, James (2013): New public diplomacy in the 21st century. London, New York.
Price, Monroe (2003): Public diplomacy and the transformation of international broadcasting. In: Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 21, 51-85. Internet resource: larc.cardozo.yu.edu/faculty-articles/131.
Rawnsley, Gary D. (2016): Introduction to "International Broadcasting and Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century". In: Media and Communication, Vol. 4, No. 2, 42-45. Internet resource: www.cogitatiopress.com/ojs/index.php/mediaandcommunication/article/view/641.
Sandre, Andreas (2015): Digital diplomacy: Conversations on innovation in foreign policy. Lanham.
Simons, Greg (2018): Media and public diplomacy. London, New Work.
Snow, Nancy (2010): Propaganda, Inc.: Selling America's culture to the world. 3rd ed. New York.
Snow, Nancy (2020): Rethinking public diplomacy in the 2020s. In: Snow, Nancy / Cull, Nicholas J. (eds.): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. 2nd ed. New York, London, 3-12.
Snow, Nancy / Taylor, Philip M. (eds.) (2009): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. London, New York.
Snow, Nancy / Cull, Nicholas J. (eds.) (2020): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. 2nd ed. New York, London [info here].
Sriramesh, Krishnamurthy / Verčič, Dejan (eds.) (2020): The global public relations handbook: Theory, research, and practice. 3rd ed. New York, London.
Torres, José Filipe (2017): Digital Country Index 2017: Winners, losers and trends. In: The Place Brand Observer. Internet resource: placebrandobserver.com/digital-country-index-2017/.
Thumann, Michael (2019): Vornehm war gestern. Die internationale Politik wird immer schneller und immer unübersichtlicher. Das Zeitalter der Postdiplomatie hat begonnen. In: Zeit Online (9 January). Internet resource: www.zeit.de/2019/03/social-media-internationale-politik-schnelligkeit-rahaf-mohammed-al-kunun.
Thussu, Daya Kishan (2019): International communication: Continuity and change. 3rd ed. London.
Tuch, Hans (1990): Communicating with the world: U.S. public diplomacy overseas. New York.
Waller, J. Michael (ed.) (2007): The public diplomacy reader. Washington.
Zöllner, Oliver (2024): Digital diplomacy. In: Petra Grimm / Kai Erik Trost / Oliver Zöllner (eds.): Digitale Ethik. Baden-Baden, 639-650. Access here.

b) Nation branding

Anholt, Simon (2007): Competitive identity: The new brand management for nations, cities and regions. Basingstoke, New York.
Anholt, Simon (2010): Places: Identity, images and reputation. Basingstoke, New York.
Aronczyk, Melissa (2013): Branding the nation: The global business of national identity. Oxford, New York.
Bloomfield, Steve (ed.) (2016): How to make a nation: A Monocle guide. Berlin.
Dinnie, Keith (2022): Nation branding: Concepts, issues, practice. 3rd ed. London, New York.
Dinnie, Keith / Sevin, Efe (2020): The changing nature of nation branding: Implications for public diplomacy. In: Snow, Nancy / Cull, Nicholas J. (eds.): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. 2nd ed. New York, London, 137-144.
Ermann, Ulrich / Hermanik, Klaus-Jürgen (eds.) (2018): Branding the nation, the place, the product. London, New York.
Foroudi, Pantea / Mauri, Chiara / Dennis, Charles / Mele T C (eds.) (2020): Place branding: Connecting tourist experiences to places. London, New York.
Govers, Robert / Go, Frank M. (2009): Place Branding: Glocal, virtual and physical identities, constructed, imagined and experienced. Basingstoke, New York.
Gudjonsson, Hlynur (2005): Nation branding. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 1, No. 2, 283-298.
Hao, Andy W. / Paul, Justin / Trott, Sangeeta / Guo, Chiquan / Wu, Heng-Hui (2019): Two decades of research on nation branding: A review and future research agenda. In: International Marketing Review, Vol. 38, No. 1, 46–69.
Harris, Britney (2013): Diplomacy 2.0: The future of social media in nation branding. In: Exchange: The Journal of Public Diplomacy, Vol. 4, No. 1, 17-31. Internet resource: surface.syr.edu/exchange/vol4/iss1/3.
Ingenhoff, Diana / White, Candace / Buhmann, Alexander / Kiousis, Spiro (eds.) (2019): Bridging disciplinary perspectives of country image, reputation, brand, and identity. New York, London.
Kaefer, Florian (2020): Country branding: A practicioner perspective. In: Snow, Nancy / Cull, Nicholas J. (eds.): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. 2nd ed. New York, London, 129-136.
Kaefer, Florian (2021): An insider's guide to place branding: Shaping the identity and reputation of cities, regions and countries. Cham.
 Moilanen, Teemu / Rainisto, Seppo (2009): How to brand nations, cities and destinations: A planning book for place branding. Basingstoke, New York.
Olins, Wally (2002): Branding the nation - the historical context. In: Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, No. 4-5, 241-248.
Olins, Wally (2005): Making a national brand. In: Jan Melissen (ed.): The new public diplomacy: Soft power in international relations. Basingstoke, New York, 169-179.
Olins, Wally / Hildreth, Jeremy (2011): Nation branding: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. In: Morgan, Nigel / Pritchard, Annette / Pride, Roger (eds.): Destination brands: Managing place reputation. 3rd ed. Oxford, 55-66.
Porter, Michael E. (1998): The competitive advantage of nations. New York.
Subramanian, Samanth (2017): How to sell a country: The booming business of nation branding. In: The Guardian Online (7 November), URL: www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/07/nation-branding-industry-how-to-sell-a-country.
Viktorin, Carolin / Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E. / Estner, Annika / Will, Marcel K. (2018): Beyond marketing and diplomacy: Exploring the historical origins of nation branding. In: Viktorin, Carolin / Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E. / Estner, Annika / Will, Marcel K. (eds.): Nation branding in modern history. New York, 1-26. Internet resource: berghahnbooks.com/downloads/intros/ViktorinNation_intro.pdf.


II. THEORY DEVELOPMENT

Anholt, Simon (2006): Public diplomacy and place branding: Where's the link? In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 2, No. 4, 271-275.
Anholt, Simon (2008): Place branding: Is it marketing, or isn't it? In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 4, 1-6.
Anholt, Simon (2011): Beyond the nation brand: The role of image and identity in international relations. In: Journal of Public Diplomacy, Vol. 2, No. 1, 6-12.
Aronczyk, Melissa (2007): New and improved nations: Branding national identity. In: Calhoun, Craig / Sennett, Richard (eds.): Practicing culture. London, New York, 140-180.
Aronczyk, Melissa (2013): Branding the nation: The global business of national identity. Oxford, New York.
Auer, Claudia (2017): Theorie der Public Diplomacy. Sozialtheoretische Grundlegung einer Form strategischer Kommunikation. Wiesbaden.
Ayhan, Kadir Jun (2019): The boundaries of public diplomacy and nonstate actors: A taxonomy of perspectives. In: International Studies Perspectives, Vol. 20, No. 1, 63–83.
Bahrke, Johannes (2010): Auslandsrundfunk als strategisches Mittel europäischer Public Diplomacy im Nahen Osten. In: Tenscher, Jens / Viehrig, Henrike (eds.): Politische Kommunikation in internationalen Beziehungen. Berlin, Münster, 191-214.
Bohlin, Göran / Ståhlberg, Per (2010): Between community and commodity: Nationalism and nation branding. In: Roosvall, Anna / Salovaara-Moring, Inka (eds.): Communicating the nation: National topographies of global media landscapes. Göteborg, 79-101.
Boisen, Martin / Terlouw, Kees / van Gorp, Bouke (2011): The selective nature of place branding and the layering of spatial identities. In: Journal of Place Management and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, 135-147.
Chahine, Joumane (2010): Public diplomacy: A conceptual frmework. PhD dissertation, McGill University, Montréal, Canada. Internet resource: www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/pdf/research/books/public_diplomacy/Public_Diplomacy_-_A_Conceptual_Framework_-_Joumane_Chahine.pdf.
Chan, Chung-shing / Marafa, Lawal M. (2013): A review of place branding methodologies in the new millennium. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 9, No. 4, 236-253.
Chapple-Sokol, Sam (2013): Culinary diplomacy: Breaking bread to win hearts and minds. In: The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, Vol. 8, No. 2, 161-183.
Cowan, Geoffrey / Arsenault, Amelia (2008): Moving from monologue to dialogue to collaboration: The three layers of public diplomacy. In: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, No. 1, 10-30.
Cull, Nick (2019): Public diplomacy: Foundations for global engagement in the digital age. Cambridge.
Curtin, Patricia A. / Gaither, T. Kenn (2007): International public relations: Negotiating culture, identity, and power. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi.
Dinnie, Keith (2016): Nation branding: Concepts, issues, practice. 2nd ed. London, New York.
Evans, Alex / Steven, David (2008): Towards a theory of influence for twenty-first century foreign policy: Public diplomacy in a globalised world. In: Welsh, Joylon / Fearnin, Daniel (eds.): Engagement: Public diplomacy in a globalised world. London, 44-61.
Fan, Ying (2006): Branding the nation: What is being branded? In: Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 12, No. 1, 5-14.
Fan, Ying (2010): Branding the nation: Towards a better understanding. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 6, No. 2, 97-103.
Fullerton, Jami A. / Kendrick, Alice (eds.) (2017): Shaping international public opinion: A model for nation branding and public diplomacy. New York, Bern, Frankfurt, Berlin, Vienna.
Gertner, David / Kotler, Philip (2011): A place marketing and place branding perspective revisited. In: Morgan, Nigel / Pritchard, Annette / Pride, Roger (eds.): Destination brands: Managing place reputation. 3rd ed. Oxford, 33-53.
Govers, Robert / Go, Frank M. (2009): Place branding: Glocal, virtual and physical identities, constructed, imagined and experienced. Basingstoke, New York.
Govers, Robert (2017): How to measure place branding impact through rankings and indices. In: The Place Brand Observer. Internet resource: http://placebrandobserver.com/measure-place-branding-impact-rankings-indices/.
Gilboa, Eytan (2000): Mass communication and diplomacy: A theoretical framework. In: Communication Theory, Vol. 10, No. 3, 275-309.
Gilboa, Eytan (2002): Global communication and foreign policy. In: Journal of Communication, Vol. 52, No. 4, 31-748.
Gregory, Bruce (2008): Public diplomacy: Sunrise of an academic field. In: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, 274-290.
Guillard, Séverin / Johansson, Ola / Palis, Joseph (2024): Introduction to the spatiality of popular music: Music geographies, urban tourism, heritage policies, and place-making. In: Guillard, Séverin / Johansson, Ola / Palis, Joseph (eds.): New geographies of music 2: Music in urban tourism, heritage politics, and place-making. Singapore, 1-20.
Hanna, Sonya / Rowley, Jennifer (2008): An analysis of terminolgy use in place branding. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 4, 61-75.
Harris, Britney (2013): Diplomacy 2.0: The future of social media in nation branding. In: The Journal of Public Diplomacy, Vol. 4, No. 1. Internet resource: surface.syr.edu/exchange/vol4/iss1/3.
Hayden, Craig (2012): The rhetoric of soft power: Public diplomacy in global contexts. Lanham.
Horisberger, Marc (2002): Entstehung und Gestaltung von Nationenimages. Eine theoretische und empirische Analyse staatlicher Imagepflege im Ausland aus kommunikationswissenschaftlicher Perspektive. Diss., Univ. Freiburg (Schweiz).
Ingenhoff, Diana / Klein, Susanne (2018): A political leader's image in public diplomacy and nation branding: The impact of competence, charisma, integrity, and gender. In: International Journal of Communication, Vol. 12, 4507-4532. Internet resource: ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/download/8186/2498.
Janoff, Douglas Victor (2022): Queer diplomacy: Homophobia, international relations and LGBT human rights. Cham.
Kaneva, Nadia (2011): Nation branding: Toward an agenda for critical research. In: International Journal of Communication, Vol. 5, 117-141. Internet resource: ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/download/704/514.
Kemming, Jan Dirk / Humborg, Christian (2010): Democracy and nation brand(ing): Friends or foes? In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 6, 183-197.
Kersaint, Maité (2014): Exploring public diplomacy 2.0: A comparison of German and U.S. digital public diplomacy in theory and practice. PhD dissertation, Viadrina University, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany. Internet resource: opus4.kobv.de/opus4-euv/files/81/UPLOAD.pdf.
Kotler, Philip / Gertner, David (2002): Country as brand, product, and beyond: A place marketing and brand management perspective. In: Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, No. 4-5, 249-261.
Kunczik, Michael (1989): Public Relations für Staaten. Die Imagepflege von Nationen als Aspekt der internationalen Kommunikation: Zum Forschungsstand. In: Max Kaase/Winfried Schulz (Hrsg.): Massenkommunikation. Theorien, Methoden, Befunde. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag (= Sonderheft 30 der Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie), 165-184.
Kunczik, Michael (1990): Die manipulierte Meinung. Nationale Image-Politik und internationale Public Relations. Köln.
Kunczik, Michael (2009): Transnational public relations by foreign governments. In: Krishnamurthy Sriramesh / Dejan Verčič (eds.): The global public relations handbook: Theory, research, and practice. Rev. ed. New York, London, 769-794.
Leonard, Mark [with Catherine Stead and Conrad Smewing] (2002): Public diplomacy. London. Internet resource: .
L'Etang, Jacquie (2009): Public relations and diplomacy in a globalized world: An issue of public communication. In: American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 53, no. 4, 607-626.
Lord, Carnes (2006): Losing hearts and minds? Public diplomacy and strategic influence in the age of terror. Westport, CT.
Mark, Simon (2008): A comparative study of the cultural diplomacy of Canada, New Zealand and India. Thesis (PhD), University of Auckland. Internet resource: https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/2292/2943/02whole.pdf?sequence=9.
Maaß, Kurt-Jürgen (Hrsg.) (2005): Kultur und Außenpolitik. Handbuch für Studium und Praxis. Baden-Baden.
Merkel, Udo (2016): Sports as a foreign policy and diplomatic tool. In: Alan Bairner / John Kelly / Lee, Jung Woo (eds.): The Routledge handbook of sport and politics. London, New York, 28-38.
Merkelsen, Henrik / Rasmussen, Rasmus Kjærgaard (2016): Nation branding as an emerging field: An institutionalist perspective. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 12, No. 2, 99-109.
O'Shaughnessy, John / O'Shaughnessy, Nicholas Jackson (2000): Treating the nation as a brand: Some neglected issues. In: Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 20, No. 1, 56-64.
Pamment, James (2013): Articulating influence: Toward a research agenda for interpreting the evaluation of soft power, public diplomacy and nation brands. In: Public Relations Review, Vol. 40, No. 1, 50-59.
Pamment, James (2015): Media influence, ontological transformation, and social change: Conceptual overlaps between development communication and public diplomacy. In: Communication Theory, Vol. 25, No.2, 188-207.
Rasmussen, Rasmus Kjærgaard / Merkelsen, Henrik (2012): The new PR of states: How nation branding practices affect the security function of public diplomacy. In: Public Relations Review, Vol. 38, No. 5, 810-818.
Rockower, Paul S. (2012): Recipes for gastrodiplomacy. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1-12.
Schwan, Anna (2011): Werbung statt Waffen. Wie strategische Außenkommunikation die Außenpolitik verändert. Wiesbaden.
Salovaara-Moring, Inka / Roosvall, Anna (eds.) (2010): Communicating the Nation: National Topographies of Global Media Landscapes. Göteborg. Internet resource: norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1534744/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
Seib, Philip (2009): Public diplomacy and journalism: Parallels, ethical issues, and practical concerns. In: American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 52, No. 2, 772-786.
Signitzer, Benno (2008): Public relations and public diplomacy: Some conceptual explorations. In: Zerfaß, Ansgar / van Ruler, Betteke / Sriramesh, Krishnamurthy (eds.): Public relations research: European and international perspectives and innovations. Wiesbaden, 205-218.
Sevin, Efe (2017): Understanding soft power through public diplomacy in contrasting polities. In: Naren Chitty / Li Ji / Gary D. Rawnsley / Craig Hayden (eds.): The Routledge handbook of soft power. London, New York, 62-71.
Sevin, Efe / Ayhan, Kadir Jun / Ingenhoff, Diana (2021): Capturing country images: A methodological approach. In: The Journal of International Communication, Vol. 27, No. 2, 237-257.
Skinner, Heather / Kubacki, Krzysztof (2007): Unravelling the complex relationship between nationhood, national and cultural identity, and place branding. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 3, 305-316.
Srugies, Alice (2013): Comparative public diplomacy research: Potentials, challenges, implications. In: Diana Ingenhoff (ed.): Internationale PR-Forschung. Konstanz, München, 229-260.
Stiehl, Tim (2011): Public Diplomacy gleich Nation Branding? Eine theoretische Abgrenzung zweier Konzepte zur Außendarstellung von Staaten. Saarbrücken [eBook].
Van Dyke, Mark A. / Verčič, Dejan (2009): Public relations, public diplomacy, and strategic communication: An international model of conceptual convergence. In: Sriramesh, Krishnamurthy / Verčič, Dejan (eds.): The global public relations handbook: Theory, research, and practice. Rev. ed. New York, London, 906-928.
van Ham, Peter (2001): The rise of the brand state: The postmodern politics of image and reputation. In: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 80, No. 5, 2–6.
van Ham, Peter (2008): Place branding: The state of the art. In: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, No. 1, 126-149.
Wang, Jay (2006): Public diplomacy and global business. In: Journal of Business Strategy, Vol. 27, No. 3, 41-49.
White, Candace / Radic, Danijela (2014): Comparative public diplomacy: Message strategies of countries in transition. In: Public Relations Review, Vol. 40, No. 3, 459- 465.
Widler, Janine (2007): Nation branding: With pride against prejudice. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 3, 144-150.
Wilding, Colin M (2007): Measuring the effectiveness of public diplomacy: The UK approach. University of Pennsylvania, Center for Global Communication Studies. Internet resource: global.asc.upenn.edu/fileLibrary/PDFs/wilding.pdf.
Xing, Xiaoyan / Chalip, Laurence (2006): Effects of hosting a sport event on destination brand: A test of co-branding and match-up models. In: Sport Management Review, Vol. 9, No. 1, 49-78.
Yang, Aimei / Klyueva, Anna / Taylor, Maureen (2012): Beyond a dyadic approach to public diplomacy: Understanding relationships in a multipolar world. In: Public Relations Review, Vol. 38, No. 5, 652-664.
Zerrillo, Philip C. / Thomas, Gregory Metz (2007): Developing brands and emerging markets: An empirical application. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 3, 86-99.


III. CASE STUDIES

a) Africa

Adeiza, Matthew O. / Howard, Philip N. (2017): Social media and soft power politics in Africa: Lessons from Nigeria's #BringBackOurGirls and Kenya's #SomeoneTellCNN. In: Naren Chitty / Li Ji / Gary D. Rawnsley / Craig Hayden (eds.): The Routledge handbook of soft power. London, New York, 219-231.
Adetiba, Toyin Cotties (2021): Public diplomacy and South Africa's response to xenophobia African renaissance. In: African Renaissance, Vol. 18, No. 3, 59-80.
Amujo, Olusanmi / Otubanjo, Olutayo (2012): Leveraging rebranding of 'unattractive' nation brands to stimulate post-disaster tourism. In: Tourist Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1, 87-105.
Fiedler, Anke / Frère, Marie-Soleil (2016): "Radio France Internationale" and "Deutsche Welle" in Francophone Africa: International broadcasters in a time of change. In: Communication, Culture and Critique, Vol. 9, No. 1, 68-85.
Grix, Jonathan / Lee, Donna (2013): Soft power, sports mega-events and emerging states [Brazil, China, South Africa]: The lure of the politics of attraction. In: Global Society, Vol. 27, No. 4, 521-536.
Huang, Zhao Alexandre (2021): The Confucius Institute and relationship management: Uncertainty management of Chinese public diplomacy in Africa. In: Pawel Surowiec / Ilan Manor (eds.): Public Diplomacy and the Politics of Uncertainty. Cham, 197-223.
Jacob, Udo-Udo Jacob (2016): Target Gutahuka: The UN’s strategic information intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In: Media and Communication, Vol. 4, No. 2, 104-119. Internet resource: www.cogitatiopress.com/ojs/index.php/mediaandcommunication/article/view/583.
Knott, Brendon / Fyall, Alan / Jones, Ian (2016): Leveraging nation branding opportunities through sport mega-events [South Africa and the 2010 FIFA World Cup]. In: International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 10, No. 1, 105-118.
Knott, Brendon / Jones, Ian / Fyall, Alan (2017): Sport mega-events and nation branding: Unique characteristics of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, South Africa. In: International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 29, No. 3, 900-923.
Kumi, Nana Bema (2014): Ghana's challenges in a new diplomatic environment. In: GREAT Insights, Vol. 3, No. 3. Internet resource: ecdpm.org/great-insights/new-diplomacy-development-volume/ghanas-challenges-new-diplomatic-environment/.
le Pere, Garth (2017): Ubuntu as foreign policy: The ambiguities of South Africa's brand image and identity. In: Strategic Review for Southern Africa, Vol. 39, No. 1, 93-115. Internet resource: www.up.ac.za/media/shared/85/Strategic%20Review/Vol%2039(1)/pp-93-115-g-le-pere.zp121528.pdf.
Louw, P. Eric (2017): When soft power success and 'attractiveness' cannot be sustained: Zimbabwe and South Africa as case studies of the limits of soft power. In: Naren Chitty / Li Ji / Gary D. Rawnsley / Craig Hayden (eds.): The Routledge handbook of soft power. London, New York, 305-314.
Marsh, Vivien (2017): The ambiguities of CCTV's English-language news for Africa. In: Hugo de Burgh / Anbin Shi / Daya Kishan Thussu (eds.): China's media go global. London, New York.
Murai, Yasuko (2011): 'Alive with Possibility': Brand South Africa and the discursive construction of South African national identity. MSc dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science. Internet resource: www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/assets/documents/research/msc-dissertations/2010/Murai.pdf.
Ojo, Tokunbo (2017): Nigeria, public diplomacy and soft power. In: Naren Chitty / Li Ji / Gary D. Rawnsley / Craig Hayden (eds.): The Routledge handbook of soft power. London, New York, 315-325.
Połońska-Kimunguyi, Eva (2015): From public service broadcaster to development actor: Deutsche Welle and the (con)quest of African female audiences. In: Critical Arts: South-North Cultural and Media Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3, 382-399.
Qobo, Mzukisi (2017): [South] Africa's foreign policy and nation branding: Regional leadership and its discontens. In: Strategic Review for Southern Africa, Vol. 39, No. 1, 9-28. Internet resource: www.up.ac.za/media/shared/85/Strategic%20Review/Vol%2039(1)/pp-9-28-m-qobo.zp121518.pdf.
Salih, Chaban (2013): Die Public Relations von Mega-Events. Die Fußball-WM 2010 und die Hadsch 2009 und 2010 im Vergleich. Wiesbaden.
Schoeman, Maxi / Thuynsma, Heather (2017): The nation brand and its strategic reflection. Journal special focus: Introduction. In: Strategic Review for Southern Africa, Vol. 39, No. 1, 3-8. Internet resource: www.up.ac.za/media/shared/85/Strategic%20Review/Vol%2039(1)/pp-3-8-brand-sa-introduction.zp121516.pdf.
Zaghlami, Laeed (2017): Public diplomacy and soft power in Algeria's foreign policy. In: Naren Chitty / Li Ji / Gary D. Rawnsley / Craig Hayden (eds.): The Routledge handbook of soft power. London, New York, 326-337.

b) The Americas

Anholt, Simon / Hildreth, Jeremy (2010): Brand America: The making, unmaking and remaking of the greatest national image of all time. London.
Bayles, Martha (2014): Through a screen darkly: Popular culture, public diplomacy, and America's image abroad. New Haven, CT.
Castillo, Marina (2017): Nation branding and public diplomacy in Argentina: Capitalist insertion or survival strategies? Master's thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada. Internet resource: summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/17525/etd10366_MCastillo.pdf.
Djerejian, Edward P. (2003): Changing minds, winning peace: A new strategic directive for U.S. public diplomacy in the Arab and Muslim world. Report of the advisory group on public diplomacy in the Arab and Muslim world, U.S. House of Representatives. Internet resource: state.gov/documents/organization/24882.pdf.
Dutta-Bergman, Mohan J. (2006): U.S. public diplomacy in the Middle East: A critical cultural approach. In: Journal of Communication Inquiry, Vol. 30, No. 2, 102-124.
Elter, Andreas (2008): Auswärtige Kulturpolitik und Propaganda in den USA. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Heft 11, S. 32-38. Internet resource: www.bpb.de/apuz/31364/auswaertige-kulturpolitik-und-propaganda-in-den-usa?p=all.
Etzioni, Amitai (2016): Talking to the Muslim world: How, and with whom? In: International Affairs, Vol. 92, No. 6, 1361-1379. Internet resource: www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/ia/INTA92_6_04_Etzioni.pdf.
Fehimović, Dunja / Ogden, Rebecca (eds.) (2018): Branding Latin America: Strategies, aims, resistance. Lanham.
Fitzpatrick, Kathy R. (2008): The collapse of American public diplomacy: What diplomatic experts say about rebuilding America’s image in the world - a view from the trenches. Hameden, Quinnipiac School of Communications. Internet resource: www.publicdiplomacy.org/Fitzpatrick2008.pdf.
Fitzpatrick, Kathy R. (2011): U.S. public diplomacy in a post-9/11 world: From messaging to mutuality. CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy, Paper 6. Internet resource: uscpublicdiplomacy.org/sites/uscpublicdiplomacy.org/files/legacy/publications/perspectives/CPDPerspectives_Mutuality.pdf.
Fullerton, Jami A. / Kendrick, Alice / Chan, Kara / Hamilton, Matthew / Kerr, Gayle (2007): Attitudes towards American brands and Brand America. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 3, No. 3, 205-212.
Garbacz Rawson, Elizabeth A. (2007): Perceptions of the United States of America: Exploring the political brand of a nation. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 3, 213-221.
Grix, Jonathan / Lee, Donna (2013): Soft power, sports mega-events and emerging states [Brazil, China, South Africa]: The lure of the politics of attraction. In: Global Society, Vol. 27, No. 4, 521-536.
Gushiken, Yuji / Brito, Quise Gonçalves / Ueta, Taís Marie (2017): Popular culture, banal cosmopolitanisms and hospitality: Notes for a Brazilian soft power. In: Naren Chitty / Li Ji / Gary D. Rawnsley / Craig Hayden (eds.): The Routledge handbook of soft power. London, New York, 239-248.
Hoefte, Rosemarijn (2018): Suriname: Nation building and nation branding in a postcolonial state, 1945–2015. In: Viktorin, Carolin / Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E. / Estner, Annika / Will, Marcel K. (eds.): Nation branding in modern history. New York, 173-196.
Huijgh, Ellen (2013): The ebbs and flows of Canada’s public diplomacy with a domestic foundation. In: International Journal of Canadian Studies, Vol. 47, No. 1, 147-169.
Huijgh, Ellen / Byrne, Caitlin (2012): Opening the windows on diplomacy: A comparison of the domestic dimension of public diplomacy in Canada and Australia. In: The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, Vol. 7, No. 4, 395-420.
Jäger, Thomas / Viehrig, Henrike (eds.) (2008): Die amerikanische Regierung gegen die Weltöffentlichkeit? Theoretische und empirische Analysen der Public Diplomacy zum Irakkrieg. Wiesbaden.
Krenn, Michael L. (2018): The art of branding: Rethinking American cultural diplomacy during the Cold War. In: Viktorin, Carolin / Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E. / Estner, Annika / Will, Marcel K. (eds.): Nation branding in modern history. New York, 149-172.
Manheim, Jarol B. (1994): Strategic public diplomacy and American foreign policy. New York.
Miño Navarrete, Pablo Andrés (2022): Nation branding in Latin America: Global, regional, and local representations intertwined. Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Internet resource: doi.org/10.17615/bach-5a84.
Moody, Paul (2017): Embassy cinema: What WikiLeaks reveals about US state support for Hollywood. In: Media, Culture and Society, Vol. 39, No. 7, 1063-1077.
Morrison, Matthew B. (2012): U.S. public diplomacy: Background and current issues. New York.
Niesing, Eva (2013): Latin America's potential in nation branding: A closer look at Brazil's, Chile's and Colombia's practices. Hamburg.
Notaker, Hallvard / Scott-Smith, Giles / Snyder, David J. (eds.) (2016): Reasserting America in the 1970s: U.S. public diplomacy and the rebuilding of America's image abroad. Manchester.
Potter, Evan (2003): Canada and the new public diplomacy. In: International Journal, Vol. 58, No. 1, 43-64.
Potter, Evan (2018): The evolving complementarity of nation-branding and public diplomacy: Projecting the Canada brand through "weibo diplomacy" in China. In: Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2, 223-237.
Seib, Philip (2011): Public diplomacy, new media, and counterterrorism. CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy, Paper 2. Internet resource: uscpublicdiplomacy.org/sites/uscpublicdiplomacy.org/files/legacy/publications/perspectives/CPDPerspectives_P2_2011.pdf.
Servaes, Jan (2012): Soft power and public diplomacy: The new frontier for public relations and international communication between the US and China. In: Public Relations Review, Vol. 38, No. 5, 643-651.
Sinha Roy, Ishita (2007): Worlds apart: Nation-branding on the National Geographic Channel. In: Media, Culture and Society, Vol. 29, No. 4, 569-592.
Sun, Henry H. (2008): International political marketing: A case study of United States soft power and public diplomacy. In: Journal of Public Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 3, 165-183.
Tomlin, Gregory M. (2016): Murrow's cold war: Public diplomacy for the Kennedy administration. Lincoln.
U.S. Department of State (2000): Consolidation of USIA into the State Department: An assessment after one year. Collingdale.
Vickers, Rhiannon (2004): The new public diplomacy in Britain and Canada. In: British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Vol. 6, No. 2, 182-194.
Wang, Jian (2007): Telling the American story to the world: The purpose of U.S. public diplomacy in historical perspective. In: Public Relations Review, Vol. 33, No. 1, 21-30.

c) Asia, Australia and Oceania

Agawa, Naoyuki (2008): Japan does soft power: Strategy and effectiveness of its public diplomacy in the United States. In: Yasushi Watanabe / David L. McConnel (eds.): Soft power superpowers: Cultural and national assets of Japan and the United States. Armonk, NY, 224-241.
Aharoni, Ido / Grinstein, Amir (2017): How to (re)position a country? A case study of the power of micro-marketing [of Israel]. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 13, No. 4, 293-307.
Al-Tamimi, Nawaf / Azzam, Amin / Zarrinabadi, Nourollah (2023): Qatar’s nation branding and soft power. Exploring the effects on national identity and international stance. Cham.
Aouragh, Miriyam (2016): Hasbara 2.0: Israel's public diplomacy in the digital age. In: Middle East Critique, Vol. 25, No. 3, 271-297.
Bahrke, Johannes (2010): Auslandsrundfunk als strategisches Mittel europäischer Public Diplomacy im Nahen Osten. In: Jens Tenscher / Heike Viehrig (eds.): Politische Kommunikation in internationalen Beziehungen. Münster, 191-214.
Bandopadhyaya, Suvojit (2019): Branding the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. In: Global Media and Communication, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1-17. DOI: journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1742766519874380.
Ber, Reut / Yarchi, Moran / Galily, Yair (2017): The sporting arena as a public diplomacy battlefield: The Palestinian attempt to suspend Israel from FIFA. In: Journal of International Communication, Vol. 23, No. 2, 218-230.
Berkowitz, Pere / Gjermano, George / Gomez, Lee / Schafer, Gary (2007): Brand China: Using the 2008 Olympic Games to enhance China's image. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 3, No. 2, 164-178.
Bocquet, Matthieu / Dalakas, Vassilis (2023): Nation branding through sports: The impact of Qatar’s ownership of Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) on Qatar’s image by French soccer fans. In: Atlantic Marketing Journal. Vol. 12, No. 1, Article 6.
Broinowski, Alison (2012): Soft power, smart power or public diplomacy? Australia fumbles. In: Global Asia, Vol. 7, No. 3, 41-45. Internet resource: www.globalasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/85.pdf
Byrne, Caitlin / Hall, Rebecca (2011): Australia's international education as public diplomacy: Soft power potential. In: Discussion Papers In Diplomacy, Netherlands Institute Of International Relations 'Clingendael' and Antwerp University, No 121. Internet resource: www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/20110700_cdsp_discussion_paper_cbryne_rhall.pdf.
Chang, Tsan-Kuo / Lin, Fen (2014): From propaganda to public diplomacy: Assessing China's international practice and its image, 1950–2009. In: Public Relations Review, Vol. 40, No. 3, 450-458.
Chen, Ni (2012): Branding national images: The 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, 2010 Shanghai World Expo, and 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games. In: Public Relations Review, Vol. 38, issue 5, 731-745.
Chung, Sungeun (2016): South Korea's concern with nation branding strategies. In: KEI: The Peninsula. Internet resource: keia.org/the-peninsula/south-koreas-concern-with-nation-branding-strategies/.
Cooper Ramo, Joshua (2007): Brand China. London. Internet resource: fpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/827.pdf
Cull, Nicholas (2012): Sinking and swimming at the Yeosu expo: Public diplomacy and nation branding in South Korea, 2012. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 8, No. 4, 249-255.
Dajani, Deena / Gillespie, Marie / Crilley, Rhys (2019): Differentiated visibilities: RT Arabic's narration of Russia's role in the Syrian war. In: Media, war and conflict. Online: journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1750635219889075.
Edwards, Lee / Ramamurthy, Anandi (2017): (In)Credible India? A critical analysis of India's nation branding. In: Communication, Culture & Critique, Vol. 10, No. 2, 322-341.
El-Nawawy, Mohammed (2006): US public diplomacy in the Arab World: The news credibility of Radio Sawa and Television Alhurra in five countries. In: Global Media and Communication, Vol. 2, No. 2, 183-203.
Finlay, Christopher J. / Xin, Xin (2010): Public diplomacy games: A comparative study of American and Japanese responses to the interplay of nationalism, ideology and Chinese soft power strategies around the 2008 Beijing Olympics. In: Sport in Society, Vol. 13, No. 5, 876-900.
Fleischer, Florian / Füser, Katharina / Isermeyer, Johanna (2014): Israelische Public Diplomacy und ihre Wahrnehmung durch deutsche Journalisten. In: Global Media Journal (German Edition), Vol. 4, No. 1, 1-26. Internet resource: www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-29830/GMJ7_Fleischer_Fueser_Isermeyer_final.pdf.
Fullerton, Jami / Kendrick, Alice / Wallis, Courtney (2008): Brand Borat? Americans' reaction to a Kazakhstani place branding campaign. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 4, No. 2, 159-168.
Gilboa, Eytan (2006): Public diplomacy: The missing component in Israel's foreign policy. In: Israel Affairs, Vol. 12, No. 4, 715-747.
Govers, Robert (2012): Brand Dubai and its competitors in the Middle East: An image and reputation analysis. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 8, 48-57.
Grix, Jonathan / Lee, Donna (2013): Soft power, sports mega-events and emerging states [Brazil, China, South Africa]: The lure of the politics of attraction. In: Global Society, Vol. 27, No. 4, 521-536.
Gurk, Christoph (2017): Kommando Kimchi. Wenn Staaten ihren Ruf bessern wollen, holen sie sich die Liebe inzwischen oft durch den Magen: Sie propagieren weltweit ihre Landesspezialitäten und helfen einheimischen Köchen im Ausland. Wie gut das funktioniert, zeigt das Beispiel Südkorea. In: SZ-Magazin, No. 22 (2 June), 46-49.
Hahn, Oliver (2008): Arabische Öffentlichkeit und Satellitenrundfunk. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, No. 11, 26-31. Internet resource: http://www.bpb.de/apuz/31362/arabische-oeffentlichkeit-und-satellitenrundfunk?p=all
Hamilton, Clive / Ohlberg, Mareike (2020): Hidden hand: Exposing how the Chinese Communist Party is reshaping the world. London.
Hartig, Falk (2012): Cultural diplomacy with Chinese characteristics: The case of Confucius Institutes in Australia. In: Communication, Politics & Culture, Vol. 45, 256-276. Internet resource: www.rmit.edu.au/browse;ID=lss0puqtrbsl1.
Hartig, Falk (2013): Panda Diplomacy: The cutest part of China's public diplomacy. In: The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, Vol. 8, No. 1, 49-78.
Hartig, Falk (2016): Chinese public diplomacy: The rise of the Confucius Institute. London, New York.
Hassman, Romney (2008): The Israel brand: Nation marketing under constant conflict. Tel Aviv.
d'Hooghe, Ingrid (2007): The rise of China's public diplomacy. The Hague. Internet resource: www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/20070700_cdsp_paper_hooghe.pdf
d'Hooghe, Ingrid (2015): China's public diplomacy. Leiden.
Huang, Kuo (2018): The 'going out' of China Radio International. In: Hugo de Burgh / Anbin Shi / Daya Kishan Thussu (eds.): China's media go global. London, New York.
Huang, Zhao Alexandre (2021): The Confucius Institute and relationship management: Uncertainty management of Chinese public diplomacy in Africa. In: Paweł Surowiec / Ilan Manor (eds.): Public Diplomacy and the Politics of Uncertainty. Cham, 197-223.
Huang, Zhao Alexandre / Wang, Rui (2019): The new 'cat' of the Internet: China’s Panda Diplomacy on Twitter. In: Finn Frandsen / Winni Johansen / Ralph Tench / Stefania Romenti (eds.): Big ideas in public relations research and practice (Advances in public relations and communication management, Vol. 4). Bingley, 69-85.
Huang, Zhao Alexandre / Wang, Rui (2020): 'Panda engagement' in China's digital public diplomacy. In: Asian Journal of Communication, Vol. 30, No. 2, 118–140.
Huijgh, Ellen / Byrne, Caitlin (2012): Opening the windows on diplomacy: A comparison of the domestic dimension of public diplomacy in Canada and Australia. In: The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, Vol. 7, No. 4, 395-420.
Ingram, Haroro J. (2016): An analysis of Islamic State's Dabiq magazine. In: Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 51, No. 3, 458-477.
Iwabuchi, Koichi (2015): Pop-culture diplomacy in Japan: Soft power, nation branding and the question of 'international cultural exchange'. In: International Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 21, No. 4, 419-432.
Kerrigan, Finola / Shivanandan, Jyotsna / Hede, Anne-Marie (2012): Nation branding: A critical appraisal of Incredible India. In: Journal of Macromarketing, Vol. 32, No. 3, 319–327.
Kim, Hun Shik (2017): The Korean Wave as soft power public diplomacy. In: Naren Chitty / Li Ji / Gary D. Rawnsley / Craig Hayden (eds.): The Routledge handbook of soft power. London, New York, 414-424.
Koh, Buck Song (2011): Brand Singapore: How nation branding built Asia's leading global city. Singapore.
Kluver, Randolph (2014): The sage as strategy: Nodes, networks, and the quest for geopolitical power in the Confucius Institute. In: Communication, Culture & Critique, Vol. 7, No. 2, 192-209.
Kretschmer, Lisa-Maria (2017): Imagine there is war and it is tweeted live – an analysis of digital diplomacy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In: Global Media Journal (German Edition), Vol. 7, No. 1, 1-23. Internet resource: www.db-thueringen.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/dbt_derivate_00038860/GMJ13_Kretschmer_final.pdf.
Lim, Louisa / Bergin, Julia (2018): Inside China's audacious global propaganda campaign. In: The Guardian Online (7 December), URL: www.theguardian.com/news/2018/dec/07/china-plan-for-global-media-dominance-propaganda-xi-jinping.
Loo, Theresa / Davies, Gary (2006): Branding China: The ultimate challenge in reputation management? In: Corporate Reputation Review, Vol. 9, No. 3, 198-210.
McGray, Douglas (2002): Japan's gross national cool. In: Foreign Policy, No. 130 (May/June), 44-54.
McGray, Douglas (2014): Japan's gross national cool. In: Allen, Matthew (ed.): Globalizing Japanese popular culture: The coolness of Japan? London, New York, 7-17.
Melissen, Jan / Yun, Sohn (eds.) (2015): Understanding public diplomacy in East Asia: Middle powers in a troubled region. New York.
Melki, Jad / Jabado, May (2016): Mediated public diplomacy of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria: The synergistic use of terrorism, social media and branding. In: Media and Communication, Vol. 4, No. 2, 92-103. Internet resource: www.cogitatiopress.com/ojs/index.php/mediaandcommunication/article/view/432.
Merkel, Udo (2008): The politics of sport diplomacy and reunification in divided Korea: One nation, two countries and three flags. In: International Review for the Sociology of Sport, Vol. 43, No. 3, 289-311.
Messmer, Matthias / Chuang, Hsin-Mei (2018): China at its limits: An empire's rise beyond its borders. Bielefeld, New York.
Mittag, Jürgen (2023): Bühne für die Politik? Sportgroßereignisse zwischen Nation Branding und Sportswashing. In: Informationen zur politischen Bildung, No. 357, Bonn, 28-39.
Mohib, Aymen A. / Carroll, Conor (2024): Nation branding as a tool to attract foreign direct investments: A case study of Qatar. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 20, 363–377.
Morgan, Nigel / Pritchard, Annette / Piggott, Rachel (2002): New Zealand, 100% pure: The creation of a powerful niche destination brand. In: Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, No. 4-5, 335-354.
Nuttavuthisit, Krittinee (2007): Branding Thailand: Correcting the negative image of sex tourism. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 3, 21-30.
Ohlberg, Mareike (2013): Creating a favorable international public opinion environment: External propaganda (duiwai xuanchuan) as a global concept with Chinese characteristics. PhD dissertation, University of Heidelberg, Germany. Internet resource: archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/17289/1/Ohlberg_External-Propaganda.pdf.
Pant, Dipak R. (2005): A place brand strategy for the Republic of Armenia: 'Quality of context' and 'sustainability' as competitive advantage. In: Place Branding, Vol. 1, No. 3, 273-282.
Park, Se Jung / Lim, Yon Soo (2014): Information networks and social media use in public diplomacy: A comparative analysis of South Korea and Japan. In: Asian Journal of Communication, Vol. 24, No. 1, 79-98.
Peterson, J. E. (2006): Qatar and the world: Branding for a micro-state. In: Middle East Journal, Vol. 60, No. 4, 732-748.
Potter, Evan (2018): The evolving complementarity of nation-branding and public diplomacy: Projecting the Canada brand through "weibo diplomacy" in China. In: Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, Vol. 24, No. 2, 223-237.
Rawnsley, Gary D. / Ngac, Chi (2017): Vietnamese cultural diplomacy: An emerging strategy. In: Naren Chitty / Li Ji / Gary D. Rawnsley / Craig Hayden (eds.): The Routledge handbook of soft power. London, New York, 425-440.
Rawnsley, Gary D. (2021): Cultural diplomacy today: A 'culture of dialogue' or a 'dialogue of cultures'? In: Jarmila Ptácková / Ondrej Klimeš / Gary Rawnsley (eds.): Transnational sites of China’s cultural diplomacy: Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East and Europe compared. Singapore, 13-33.
Rotbard, Sharon (2015): White City, Black City: Architecture and war in Tel Aviv and Jaffa. London.
Shore, Neuriel (2010): Brand Israel: An analysis of nation branding concepts as they relate to the state of Israel. Master's thesis, University of Southern California. Internet resource: digitallibrary.usc.edu/utils/getfile/collection/...pdfpage/page/1.
Snow, Nancy (2016): Japan's information war. SelfPub.
Sun, Wanning (2014): Mediatization with Chinese characteristics: Political legitimacy, public diplomacy and the new art of propaganda. In: Knut Lundby (ed.): Mediatization of communication. Berlin, Boston, 87-105.
Toledano, Margalit / McKie, David (2013): Public relations and nation building: Influencing Israel. London, New York.
Thussu, Daya Kishan (2013): Communicating India's soft power: Buddha to Bollywood. Basingstoke, New York.
Tsutomu, Sugiura (2008): Japan's creative industries: Culture as a source of soft power in the industrial sector. In: Yasushi Watanabe / David L. McConnel (eds.): Soft power superpowers: Cultural and national assets of Japan and the United States. Armonk, NY, 128-153.
Wang, Jian (2013): Shaping China's global imagination: Branding nations at the World Expo. New York, Basingstoke.
Watanabe, Yasushi (2017): The pivot shift of Japan's public diplomacy. In: Naren Chitty / Li Ji / Gary D. Rawnsley / Craig Hayden (eds.): The Routledge handbook of soft power. London, New York, 400-413.
Yano, Christine R. (2013): Pink globalization: Hello Kitty's trek across the Pacific. Durham, London.
Zemanek, Adina Simona (2018): Nation branding in contemporary Taiwan: A grassroots perspective. In: Culture, Theory and Critique, Vol. Vol. 59, No. 2, 119-138.
Zhang, Xiaoling / Guo, Zhenzhi (2018): The effectiveness of Chinese cultural centres in China's public diplomacy. In: Hugo de Burgh / Anbin Shi / Daya Kishan Thussu (eds.): China's media go global. London, New York, 185-198.

d) Europe

Anholt, Simon (2007): 'Brand Europe' - Where next? In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 3, No. 2, 115-119.
Auer, Claudia / Srugies, Alice (2013): Public diplomacy in Germany. CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy, Paper 5. Internet resource: www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/sites/uscpublicdiplomacy.org/files/useruploads/u35361/2013%20Paper%205.pdf
Aveline, Julie (2006): Branding Europe? Branding, design and post-national loyalties. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 2, 334-340.
Avgerinos, Katherine P. (2009): Russia's public diplomacy effort: What the Kremlin is doing and why it's not working. In: Journal of Public and International Affairs, Vol. 20, 115-132. Internet resource: jpia.princeton.edu/sites/jpia/files/2009-6.pdf.
Brünner, Thomas (2011): Public Diplomacy im Westen. Die Presseagentur Panorama DDR informiert das Ausland. Frankfurt am Main.
Burchell, Kenzie / O'Loughlin, Ben / Gillespie, Marie / Nieto McAvoy, Eva (2015): Soft power and its audiences: Tweeting the Olympics from London 2012 to Sochi 2014. In: Participations, Vol. 12, No. 1, 413-437. Internet resource: www.participations.org/Volume%2012/Issue%201/27.pdf.
Carta, Caterina / Belfiore, Eleonora (2020): "Reaching across the fault lines?": The role of cultural diplomacy in post-Brexit Europe. In: Caterina Carta / Richard Higgott (eds.): Cultural diplomacy in Europe: Between the domestic and the international. Cham, 191-213.
Cassinger, Cecilia / Lucarelli, Andrea / Gyimóthy, Szilvia (2019): The Nordic wave in place branding: Poetics, practices, politics. Cheltenham, Northampton.
Cheregi, Bianca-Florentina (2018): Nation branding in post-communist Romania: A semiotic approach. Bucuresti.
Cheregi, Bianca-Florentina / Bârgăoanu, Alina (2020): Branding Romania as a "tech country": Nation branding in times of digital disruption. ResearchGate, Internet resource: www.researchgate.net/publication/341775889_Branding_Romania_as_a_Tech_Country_Nation_Branding_in_Times_of_Digital_Disruption.
Christensen Christian (2013): @Sweden: Curating a nation on Twitter. In: Popular Communication, Vol. 11, No. 1, 30-46.
Claver Ruiz, María (2015): Explaining Spain's Casas: An instrument of networked public diplomacy. In: The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, Vol. 10, No. 2, 215-224.
Clerc, Louis / Valaskivi, Katja (2018): Propaganda rebranded? Finland’s international communication from the Kantine committee to the Mission for Finland report. In: International Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 24, No. 5, 1-13.
Coester, Alisa (2022): Die ukrainische Public Diplomacy in Deutschland während des russisch-ukrainischen Krieges 2022. Analyse der Kommunikation und qualitative Interviews. Unpublished master's thesis, Budapest: Andrássy University.
Crilley, Rhys / Gillespie, Marie / Willis, Alistair (2019): Tweeting the Russian revolution: RT's #1917LIVE and social media re-enactments as public diplomacy. In: European Journal of Cultural Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3, 354-373.
Crilley, Rhys / Gillespie, Marie / Kazakov, Vitaly / Willis, Alistair (2021): 'Russia isn't a country of Putins!': How RT bridged the credibility gap in Russian public diplomacy during the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In: The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, online, 1-17. Internet resource: doi/10.1177/13691481211013713.
Cull, Nicholas J. (2015): Digesting the Milan Expo, 2015. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 11, No. 3, 169–174.
Cull, Nicholas J. (2021): "Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May": Theresa May, British public diplomacy and reputational security in the era of Brexit. In: Paweł Surowiec / Ilan Manor (eds.): Public diplomacy and the politics of uncertainty. Cham, 84-107.
Davis Cross, Mai'a K. / Melissen, Jan (eds.) (2013): European public diplomacy: Soft power at work. Basingstoke, New York.
Davis Cross, Mai'a K. / La Porte, Teresa (2017): The European Union and image resilience during times of crisis: The role of public diplomacy. In: The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, Vol. 12, No. 4, 257-282.
Elswah, Mona / Howard, Philip N. (2020): "Anything that causes chaos": The organizational behavior of Russia Today (RT). In: Journal of Communication, Vol. 70, No. 5, 623-645. Internet resource: academic.oup.com/joc/article/70/5/623/5912109.
García, César (2012): Using strategic communication for nation-building in contemporary Spain: The Basque case. In: International Journal of Strategic Communication, Vol. 6, 212-231.
Gilmore, Fiona (2002): A country - can it be repositioned? Spain - the success story of country branding. In: Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, No. 4-5, 281-293.
Gülmez, Seçkin Barış / Ateş, Miray (2022): Bringing history back in: A qualitative longitudinal approach to public diplomacy. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 18, 216–227. Internet resource: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-021-00228-0.
Hall, Derek (2002): Brand development, tourism and national identity: The re-imaging of former Yugoslavia. In: Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, No. 4-5, 323-334.
Hartig, Falk (2017): German public diplomacy: The importance of culture and education. In: Naren Chitty / Li Ji / Gary D. Rawnsley / Craig Hayden (eds.): The Routledge handbook of soft power. London, New York, 260-271.
Hedling, Elsa (2019): Storytelling in EU public diplomacy: Reputation management and recognition of success. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, DOI:10.1057/s41254-019-00138-2.
Heller, Steven (2008): Iron fists: Branding the 20th-century totalitarian state. London, Berlin.
Hodgson, Stewart (2018): Knowing me, knowing you: Introducing Brand Sweden. Internet resource: fabrikbrands.com/introducing-brand-sweden.
Horisberger, Marc (2002): Entstehung und Gestaltung von Nationenimages. Eine theoretische und empirische Analyse staatlicher Imagepflege im Ausland aus kommunikationswissenschaftlicher Perspektive. Diss., Univ. Freiburg (Schweiz).
Hülsse, Rainer (2009): The catwalk power: Germany’s new foreign image policy. In: Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol. 12, 293–316.
Jansen, Sue Curry (2008): Designer nations: Neo-liberal nation branding – Brand Estonia. In: Social Identities, Vol. 14, No. 1, 121-142.
Johnson, Melissa A. (2018): Culture as soft power: Digital branding by Catalonia, the Basque Country and Scotland. In: Catalan Journal of Communication and Cultural Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, 115-123.
Jordan, Paul (2015): Walking in singing: Brand Estonia, the Eurovision Song Contest and Estonia's self-proclaimed return to Europe, 2001–2002. In: Louis Clerc / Nikolas Glover / Paul Jordan (eds.): Histories of public diplomacy and nation branding in the Nordic and Baltic countries: Representing the periphery. Leiden, Boston, 217-236.
Joseph, Ugesh A. (2013): The Made in Germany champion brands: Nation branding, innovation and world export leadership. Farnham, Burlington.
Kaneva, Nadia (ed.) (2012): Branding post-communist nations: Marketizing national identities in the "new" Europe. New York, London.
Kaneva, Nadia / Popescu, Delia (2014): "We are Romanian, not Roma": Nation branding and postsocialist discourses of alterity. In: Communication, Culture and Critique, Vol. 7, No. 4, 506-523.
Kapuscinska, Katarzyna (2017): Nation Branding Österreichs. Eine Untersuchung der "Marke Österreich" in Polen. Hamburg.
Kemming, Jan Dirk (2009): Nation brand management in political contexts: Public diplomacy for Turkey's EU accession. PhD dissertation, University of Gießen, Germany. Internet resource: geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2009/7248/pdf/KemmingJan_2009_09_18.pdf.
Kemming, Jan Dirk / Sandikci, Özlem (2007): Turkey's EU accession as a question of nation brand image. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 3, 31-41.
Kleinmanns, Joachim (2020): Der deutsche Pavillon der Expo '67 in Montreal. Ein Schlüsselwerk deutscher Nachkriegsarchitektur. Berlin.
Krause, Till (2008): 'Amerrrika ist wunderrrbarrr': Promotion of Germany through Radio Goethe’s cultural export of German popular music to North America. In: Popular Music, Vol. 27, No. 2, 225-242.
Lagerberg, Rikard / Randecker, Emma (2010): Sweden: Up north, down to earth. Stockholm. Internet resource: issuu.com/swedish_institute/docs/sweden-up-north.
Lane, Philippe (2011): Présence française dans le monde: L'action culturelle et scientifique. Paris.
Lane, Philippe (2013): French scientific and cultural diplomacy. Liverpool.
La Porte, Teresa (2011): The power of the European Union in global governance: A proposal for a new public diplomacy = El poder de la Unión Europea en el gobierno global (= CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy, paper 1). Los Angeles.
Litvinsky, Marina (2011): European Union public diplomacy: The need for a new frame. Saarbrücken.
Loftsdóttir, Kristín (2015): The exotic North: Gender, nation branding and post-colonialism in Iceland. In: NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, Vol. 23, no. 4, 246-260.
Martinović, Stjepo (2002): Branding Hrvatska - a mixed blessing that might succeed: The advantage of being unrecognisable. In: Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 9, No. 4-5, 315-322.
MacDonald, Stuart (2016): The impact of Brexit on the UK's reputation, influence and soft power. In: Cultural Trends, Vol. 25, No. 4, 280-286.
Merkelsen, Henrik / Rasmussen, Rasmus Kjærgaard (2015): The construction of Brand Denmark: A case study of the reversed causality in nation brand valuation. In: Valuation Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2, 181-198 [Internet resource: rucforsk.ruc.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/57091633.
Michalek, Christian (2009): Die Deutsche Welle im Rahmen von Public Diplomacy. Journalistisches Selbstverständnis und politischer Auftrag des deutschen Auslandsrundfunks. München.
Mordhorst, Mads (2015): Public diplomacy vs nation branding: The case of Denmark after the Cartoon Crisis. In: Louis Clerc / Nikolas Glover / Paul Jordan (eds.): Histories of public diplomacy and nation branding in the Nordic and Baltic countries: Representing the periphery. Leiden, Boston, 237-256.
Nelson, Elizabeth / Orttung, Robert / Livshen, Anthony (2015): Measuring RT's impact on YouTube. In: Russian Analytical Digest, No. 177 [Special: Information warfare], 2-9. Internet resource: css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/RussianAnalyticalDigest177.pdf
Osipova, Yelena (2017): Indigenizing soft power in Russia. In: Naren Chitty / Li Ji / Gary D. Rawnsley / Craig Hayden (eds.): The Routledge handbook of soft power. London, New York, 346-357.
Ostrowski, Daniel (2010): Die Public Diplomacy der deutschen Auslandsvertretungen weltweit. Theorie und Praxis der deutschen Auslandsöffentlichkeitsarbeit. Wiesbaden.
Pamment, James (2013): West European public diplomacy. In: Mai'a K. Davis Cross / Jan Melissen (eds.): European public diplomacy: Soft power at work. Basingstoke, New York, 13-38.
Pamment, James (2015): 'Putting the GREAT back into Britain': National identity, public-private collaboration and transfers of brand equity in 2012's global promotional campaign. In: The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Vol. 17, No. 2, 260-283.
Pavón-Guinea, Andrea (2023): "It’s the context, stupid": The European Union’s public diplomacy in times of ontological insecurity. In: Communication & Society, Vol. 36, no. 2, 291-309. Internet resource: doi.org/10.15581/003.36.2.291-309.
Pérez de Ágreda, Emilio / Rubio, Rafael / Manfredi, Juan L. (eds.) (2014): La diplomacia pública como reto de la política exterior. Madrid.
Połońska-Kimunguyi, Eva (2015): From public service broadcaster to development actor: Deutsche Welle and the (con)quest of African female audiences. In: Critical Arts: South-North Cultural and Media Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3, 382-399.
Rasmussen, Rasmus Kjærgaard / Merkelsen, Henrik (2014): The risks of nation branding as crisis response: A case study of how the Danish government turned the Cartoon Crisis into a struggle with globalization. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 10, No. 3, 230–248.
Ritter, Rüdiger (2018): Between propaganda and public diplomacy: Jazz in the Cold War. In: Dunkel, Mario / Nitzsche, Sina A. (eds.): Popular music and public diplomacy: Transnational and transdisciplinary perspectives. Bielefeld, 95-116.
Rius Ulldemolins, Joaquim / Martín Zamorano, Mariano (2015): Spain's nation branding project Marca España and its cultural policy: The economic and political instrumentalization of a homogeneous and simplified cultural image. In: International Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 21, No. 1, 20-40.
Rodríguez Gómez, Alfredo A. (2014): La diplomacia pública española desde 1939 a 2012. Comunicación, imagen y marca España. Thesis (PhD), Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Internet resource: eprints.ucm.es/25350/.
Saarenmaa, Laura / Cronqvist, Marie (2020): Cold War television diplomacy: The German Democratic Republic on Finnish television. In: Nordicom Review, Vol. 41, no. 1, 19-31. Internet resource: sciendo.com/downloadpdf/journals/nor/41/1/article-p19.xml.
Schaffranietz, Adrian (2005): Public Relations für Deutschland - Bestandsaufnahme und Zukunftsperspektiven der Kommunikationsmaßnahmen des Auswärtigen Amtes. In: Tanja Köhler / Adrian Schaffranietz (eds.): Public Relations. Perspektiven und Potenziale im 21. Jahrhundert. 2nd ed. Wiesbaden, 163-176.
Sevin, Efe (2017): Public diplomacy and the implementation of foreign policy in the US, Sweden and Turkey. Cham.
Sieckmann, Ragna (2012): Die deutsche Public Diplomacy zur Fußball-WM 2006: Hat ein Sommer das Deutschlandbild verändert? Saarbrücken.
Sigel, Paul (2000): Exponiert. Deutsche Pavillons auf Weltausstellungen. Berlin.
Simons, Greg (2014): Russian public diplomacy in the 21st century: Structure, means and message. In: Public Relations Review, Vol. 40, No. 3, 440-449.
Sudjic, Deyan (2006): The edifice complex: How the rich and powerful shape the world. London. [Chapter 6: Inventing a nation, 155-188].
Surowiec, Paweł (2017): Nation branding, public relations and soft power: Corporatising Poland. London, New York.
Surowiec, Paweł (2020) Between Europeanisation and corporatisation: Poland’s nation branding and soft power for public consumption. In: East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures, Internet resource: journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0888325420950796#.
Surowiec, Paweł / Long, Philip (2020): Hybridity and soft power statecraft: the 'GREAT' campaign. In: Diplomacy & Statecraft, Vol. 31, no. 1, 168-195.
Swedish Institute (2009): Brand Sweden: The road to an updated image of Sweden abroad. Stockholm. Internet resource: paprikash.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/brand-sweden.pdf.
Szondi, György (2007): The role and challenges of country branding in transition countries: The Central and Eastern European experience. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 3, 8-20.
Valaskivi, Katja (2016): Circulating a fashion: Performance of nation branding in Finland and Sweden. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 12, No. 2-3, 139-151.
Vickers, Rhiannon (2004): The new public diplomacy in Britain and Canada. In: British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Vol. 6, No. 2, 182-194.
Visconti, Luca M. / Üçok Hughes, Mine / Bagramian, Ruben (2012): Diversity appreciated? A visual longitudinal analysis of Ukraine's nation branding campaigns. In: Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 40, 935-936. Internet resource (extended abstract): www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/v40/acr_v40_12523.pdf.
Williams, Maude (2021): Französische Präsenz zeigen. "Public Diplomacy" beim Militärsender Radio ffb in den 1960er Jahren. In: Rundfunk und Geschichte, Vol. 47, no. 3-4, 48-65.
Wood, Steve (2017): Rebranding the nation: Germany's image politics. In: International Politics, Vol. 54, no. 2, 161-181.
Wood, Steve (2018): Das Deutschlandbild: National image, reputation and interests in post-war Germany. In: Contemporary European History, Vol. 27, no. 4, 651-673.
Xifra, Jordi (2009): Catalan public diplomacy, soft power and noopolitik: A public relations approach to Catalonia's governance. In: Catalan Journal of Communication and Cultural Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, 67-85.
Zöllner, Oliver (2006): A quest for dialogue in international broadcasting: Germany's public diplomacy targeting Arab audiences. In: Global Media and Communication, Vol. 2, No. 2, 160-182. Internet resource: journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1742766506061817.
Zöllner, Oliver (2009): German public diplomacy: The dialogue of cultures. In: Snow, Nancy / Taylor, Philip M. (eds.): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. New York, London, 262-269.
Zöllner, Oliver (2019): Großbritanniens Militärrundfunk und die "Westernisierung" deutscher Hörer. Der British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS) als nicht intendierte Maßnahme britischer Public Diplomacy. In: Peter E. Fäßler / Andreas Neuwöhner / Florian Staffel (eds.): Briten in Westfalen. Besatzer, Verbündete, Freunde? Paderborn, 290-320.
Zöllner, Oliver (2019): Instagrammable Germany. In: Deutscher Tourismusverband (ed.): Tourismus Digital. Leitfaden für Destinationen. Kempen, 30-31. Internet resource: www.tn-deutschland.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Magazin-DTV-2019_Web_2.pdf.
Zöllner, Oliver (2020): Germany's public diplomacy: Translating domestic discourses of modernity and culture, past and present. In: Snow, Nancy / Cull, Nicholas J. (eds.): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. 2nd ed. New York, London, 254-263 [info here].

e) Worldwide

Arceneaux, Phillip / Powers, Shawn (2020): International brodcasting: Public diplomacy as a game in a marketplace of loyalties. In: Snow, Nancy / Cull, Nicholas J. (eds.): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. 2nd ed. New York, London, 50-63.
Bjola, Corneliu / Cassidy, Jennifer / Manor, Ilan (2019): Public diplomacy in the digital age. In: The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, Vol. 14, nos. 1-2, 83-101.
Bjola, Corneliu / Pamment, James (eds.) (2019): Countering online propaganda and extremism: The dark side of digital diplomacy. London, New York.
Brown, John (2020): Arts diplomacy: The neglected aspect of cultural diplomacy. In: Snow, Nancy / Cull, Nicholas J. (eds.): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. 2nd ed. New York, London, 79-81.
Chitty, Naren (2017): Soft power, civic virtue and world politics (section overview). In: Chitty, Naren / Ji, Li / Rawnsley, Gary D. / Hayden, Craig (eds.): The Routledge handbook of soft power. London, New York, 9-36.
Dunkel, Mario / Nitzsche, Sina A. (eds.) (2018): Popular music and public diplomacy: Transnational and transdisciplinary perspectives. Bielefeld. Internet resource: www.transcript-verlag.de/media/pdf/bf/cb/04/oa9783839443583.pdf.
Fuchs, Eckhardt (ed.) (1999): Weltausstellungen im 19. Jahrhundert. Leipzig (= Comparativ: Zeitschrift für Globalgeschichte und vergleichende Gesellschaftsforschung, Vol. 9, No. 5/6, 1-142).
Gillespie, Marie / McAvoy, Eva Nieto (2017): Digital networks and transformations in the international news ecology: A critique of agent-centered approaches to soft power. In: Naren Chitty / Li Ji / Gary D. Rawnsley / Craig Hayden (eds.): The Routledge handbook of soft power. London, New York, 203-218.
Gillespie, Marie / Webb, Alban (2013): Diasporas and diplomacy: Cosmopolitan contact zones at the BBC World Service (1932-2012). London, New York.
Gimpl, Angelika (2014): Nation Branding. Entwicklung einer nationalen Markenidentität unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Public Relations am Beispiel von Litauen, Lettland und Nigeria. Hamburg.
Goff, Patricia M. (2020): Cultural diplomacy. In: Snow, Nancy / Cull, Nicholas J. (eds.): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. 2nd ed. New York, London, 30-37.
Goirizelaia, Maialen (2019): Public diplomacy by educational and cultural exchange programs. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, DOI: 10.1057/s41254-019-00154-2.
Kennedy, Liam (2020): Diaspora and diplomacy. In: Snow, Nancy / Cull, Nicholas J. (eds.): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. 2nd ed. New York, London, 213-223.
Manor, Ilan (2019): The digitalization of public diplomacy. Cham.
McClory, Jonathan et al. (2019): The Soft Power 30: A global ranking of soft power 2019. London, Singapore, Washington DC. Internet resource: softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/The-Soft-Power-30-Report-2019-1.pdf.
McClory, Jonathan / Brown, Katherine / Wang, Jay (2021): Socially distanced diplomacy: The future of soft power and public diplomacy in a fragile world. London. Internet resource: static1.squarespace.com/Socially+Distanced+Diplomacy+Report_May+2021.pdf.
Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv / Gates, Scott (2013): Soft power at home and abroad: Sport diplomacy, politics and peace-building. In: International Area Studies Review, Vol. 16, No. 3, 235-243.
Rockower, Paul (2020): A guide to gastrodiplomacy. In: Snow, Nancy / Cull, Nicholas J. (eds.): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. 2nd ed. New York, London, 205-212.
Schriefers, Thomas (ed.) (2000): Phänomen Weltausstellung 1851 - 2000: Realität und Vision. Hagen.
Scott-Smith, Giles (2020): Excange programs and public diplomacy. In: Snow, Nancy / Cull, Nicholas J. (eds.): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. 2nd ed. New York, London, 38-49.
Siri, Jasmin / Zimmermann, Frederik / Koch, Martin / Myatt, Madeleine / Jaschkowitz, Tanja (2019): Twitter Diplomacy. Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik in Zeiten von Social Media. Internet: http://medienpolitik.eu/a-very-stable-genius.
Wang, Jian (2020): The World Expo and nation branding. In: Snow, Nancy / Cull, Nicholas J. (eds.): Routledge handbook of public diplomacy. 2nd ed. New York, London, 224-230.
Wang, Nina (2018): "First Lady Diplomacy" and the construction of national image. In: Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Vol. 14, No. 2, 125–36.
Zöllner, Oliver (2009): Internationaler Auslandsrundfunk. In: Hans-­Bredow-­Institut (ed.): Internationales Handbuch Medien. 2008/2009. 28th ed. Baden-Baden, 175-183.
Zöllner, Oliver (2024): Digital diplomacy. In: Petra Grimm / Kai Erik Trost / Oliver Zöllner (eds.): Digitale Ethik. Baden-Baden, 639-650. Access here.



» Helpful Internet resources (catalogues, reading lists, online journals, podcasts, think tanks, rankings, etc.):
» Social Science Open Access Repository - with loads of freely available documents
» Karlsruhe Virtual Catalogue
» Center on Public Diplomacy, University of Southern California (USA) - and especially their PD Hub!
» Journal: 'Public Diplomacy Magazine'
» Journal: 'Place Branding and Public Diplomacy" (ISSN 1751-8040)
» Online magazine: 'The Place Brand Observer': Place Branding Insights, Strategies, Stories, Examples
» The Place Brand Leaders podcast, produced by The Place Brand Observer
» The #DigitalDiplomacy podcast, produced by the Embassy of Denmark in Madrid
» Soft Power 30's Digital Diplomacy Hub
» International Place Branding Association (IPBA)
» Monocle magazine: "The latest in Affairs and Soft Power"
» The Foreign Policy Centre (UK)
» IdentityLab (Germany)
» Institute for Cultural Diplomacy (Germany)
» Simon Anholt's Good Country Index
» Bloom Consulting's Digital Country Index
» The Soft Power 30 global ranking 2019 report
» Nation-Branding.info: "Everything about Nation Branding and Country Brands"

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